ALBERT EINSTEIN
Geştiyarê Gerdûnê - Universe explorer

 14 March 1879 Ulm Gemany,  18 April 1955 i Princeton New Jersey

"We are the universe and the universe is in us"

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Zanistê pêşeng ê gerdûnî

Hebû (1) - tunebû (0).. her tişt li ser van her du peyvan ava bûye û ev her du peyv destpêka hemû çîroka me ye, hebû, nebû

Gerdûn bi zanetî yan jixweber hatibe avakirin em vê yekê hîna nizanin. Lê em pir baş pê dizanin ku Gerdûn ava ye û bi guhertineke berdwamî li dar e û li pêla demê diherike û diçe.

Will we ever understand the multifaceted paradoxes of science?

Människor enligt dårar; de är indelade i mer än åtta kategorier, ras, kön, nationalitet, ålder, status, hudfärg, religion och språk.
Men fenomenet är inte så komplicerat! Människor är bara uppdelade i två: bra människor och dåliga människor.

Albert Einstein

Albert Einstein violonist

Albert Einstein the piano player

Albert Einstein At 5 Years Old. Munich, 1884. [colorized].

14 years

Einstein Amerikan üniversitelerinde ders verirken, öğrencilerin ona en çok sorduğu soru şuydu:
- Tanrı'ya inanır mısın?
Ve her zaman cevapladı:
- Spinoza'nın tanrısına inanıyorum.
Baruch de Spinoza, Descartes ile birlikte 17. yüzyıl felsefesinin en büyük rasyonalistlerinden biri olan Hollandalı bir filozoftur.
(Spinoza): Tanrı şöyle der:
Dua etmeyi bırak
Dünyaya gitmeni ve hayatının tadını çıkarmanı istiyorum. Şarkı söylemeni, eğlenmeni ve senin için yaptığım her şeyin tadını çıkarmanı istiyorum.
Kendi inşa ettiğin o karanlık, soğuk tapınaklara gitmeyi bırak ve `` Evim dağlarda, ormanda, nehirlerde, göllerde, kumsallarda. Orası yaşadığım yer ve sana olan sevgimi ifade ettiğim yer orası.

Sefil hayatın için beni suçlamayı bırak. Sana hiçbir zaman sende yanlış bir şey olduğunu ya da günahkar olduğunu ya da cinselliğinin kötü bir şey olduğunu söylemedim. Seks, size verdiğim ve sevginizi, coşkunuzu, neşenizi ifade edebileceğiniz bir hediyedir. Bu yüzden seni inandırdıkları hiçbir şey için beni suçlama.

Benimle hiçbir ilgisi olmadığını düşündüğün ayetleri okumayı bırak. Beni gün doğumunda, manzarada, arkadaşlarının gözünde, oğlunun gözlerinde okuyamazsan ... beni hiçbir kitapta bulamazsın!

Bana sormayı bırak '' bana işimi nasıl yapacağımı söyler misin? '' Benden bu kadar korkmayı bırak. Seni yargılamıyorum, seni eleştirme, sinirlenme ya da kızma. Ben saf aşkım .
Af dilemeyi bırak, affedilecek bir şey yok. Seni yaptığım zaman, seni tutkularla, sınırlamalarla, sevinçlerle, duygularla, ihtiyaçlarla, tutarsızlıkla doldurdum ... özgür irade. Sana verdiğim bir şeye cevap verdiğin için seni nasıl suçlayabilirim? Seni yaratan ben olduğum zaman, olduğun için seni nasıl cezalandırabilirim? Sonsuza dek yaramazlık yapan tüm çocuklarımı yakmak için bir yer yapabilir miyim sence? Bu ne tür bir tanrı yapar?

Akranlarınıza saygı gösterin ve kendiniz için istemediğiniz şeyi yapma. Tek istediğim, hayatında dikkatli olmanın rehberin olduğuna dikkat etmen.
Sevgililer, bu hayat bir sınav değil, yolda bir adım, prova, cennetin başlangıcı değil. Bu hayat burada ve şimdi tek ve ihtiyacınız olan tek şey.
Seni tamamen özgür kıldım, ödül ya da ceza yok, günah ya da erdem yok, kimse keçeli kalem takmıyor, kimsenin sabıkası yok.
Hayatınızda kesinlikle özgürce yaratabilirsiniz. Cennet ya da cehennem.

Bu hayattan sonra bir şey olur mu söyleyemem ama sana bir ipucu verebilirim. Böyle yaşamak yok. Sanki eğlenmek, sevmek, var olmak için tek şansınız bu.
Yani bundan sonra hiçbir şey yoksa, o zaman size verdiğim fırsattan zevk almış olacaksınız. Ve yaparsanız, emin olun ki doğru mu yoksa yanlış mı davrandığınızı sormayacağım, soracağım. Hoşuna gitti mi? Eğlendin mi? En çok neyi sevdin? Ne öğrendin?...

Bana inanmayı bırak; inanmak kabul etmek, tahmin etmek, kendinizi tanıtmak demektir. Bana inanmanı istemiyorum, kendine inanmanı istiyorum. Sevgilinizi öptüğünüzde, küçük kızınızı cebinize koyduğunuzda, köpeğinizi okşadığınızda, denizde yıkandığınızda beni içinizde hissetmenizi istiyorum.
Beni ne kadar egomanyak bir tanrı olduğumu sanıyorsun?

Övülmekten sıkıldım. Teşekkür edilmekten bıktım. Minnettar hissediyor musun Kendinize, sağlığınıza, ilişkilerinize, dünyaya özen göstererek bunu kanıtlayın. Sevincinizi ifade edin! Beni övmenin yolu bu.

İşleri karıştırmayı ve benim hakkımda bana öğretilenleri muhabbet kuşu olarak tekrarlamayı bırak.
Neden daha fazla mucizeye ihtiyacın var? Çok fazla açıklama var mı?

Kesin olan tek şey, burada olduğun, yaşadığın, bu dünyanın harikalarla dolu olduğudur.

- Spinoza

1939

Albert Einstein met fellow Nobel Prize laureate Rabindranath Tagore at his home in the outskirts of Berlin in 1930.
The two distinguished minds explored the concepts of science, consciousness and philosophy.

Albert Einstein & Charlie Chaplin

Albert Einstein till Charlie Chaplin: Jag beundrar din universala konst. Du säger inte ett enda ord men hela världen förstår vad du menar.

Charlie Chaplin svarar: Ja, men din berömdhet överträffar allt och alla. Ingen förstår vad du säger men hela världen beundrar dig ändå.

Albert Einstein and his sister, Maria, circa 1893.

Albert Einstein sporting a Native American head- drees and peace pipe at grand canyon in 1931

When Albert Einstein stayed at a Japanese hotel in 1922, he found himself without any cash for tips. So he scribbled two notes and handed them to
the bellhop, reportedly telling him, “One day these will be worth something.” They sold in 2017 for $1.56 million.

A picture taken for the world's most famous scienst Einstein's office a few hours after his death on April 18, 1955.

 Einstein and his wife, Elsa, leave on six-month boat journey to the Far East on October, 1922.
When they checked into their hotel in Japan, thousands of people stood outside waiting for the Einsteins to wave from the balcony.

Fazla tevazunun sonu vasat insandan nasihat dinlemektir.
(Ama olsun, bir zararu yoktur. İbn Haldun bu sözü Ortadoğu'da koyu cahilliğin çok yoğun ve yaygın olduğu bir dönemde söylemişti.)

Tarımı ihmal eden ülke intihar ediyor demektir. Gelişmiş ülkelerin semalarında ne kadar uçağın uçtuğu önemli değil,
ne kadar arının uçtuğu önemlidir. Eğer arılar ölürse, sonraki yıllarda insanlar da ölür.

Güç daima ahlaken düşük olan insanları kendine çeker. Einstein

Dinya cihekî xeternak e, ne ji ber yên ku xerabiyê dikin, lê ji ber yên ku li hevber vê xirabiyê tiştekî nakin.

(Dünya kötülük yapanlar yüzünden değil, seyirci kalıp hiçbir şey yapmayanların yüzünden tehlikeli bir yerdir)

Albert Einstein

EINSTEIN QUANTUM THEORY OF LIGHT

Earth’s magnetic song recorded for the first time during a solar storm

NASA telescope 42 million km closer to The Sun

Earth vs The Sun

Xwedê
Aha ev e ya ku jiyanê dide me û
Ew jî;
Roj bi roj, kêlî bi kêlî û çirk bi çirk:
DIVEMIRE!

Wêneyên hetavê di heman demê de, li heman cihî, her meh hatiye kişandin

Photographs of the Sun taken at the same time, at the same spot, every month

Facts About The Sun: Information, Fun Facts, History & More

Our Sun. The Sun, as seen from the Solar Orbiter. (Credit: NASA/ESA)

Andrea Minoia June 25, 2021

So, you like astrophotography. You spend money and time to photograph the many wonders of the universe to try to get the best images you can.

But do you really know what it is that you are photographing? 

We are so often caught up in technical details, all worried about using the right equipment and technique, that we may forget the very nature of what we are trying to capture.

Today we introduce a new type of article, to uncover together the nature of the things that keep us up all night.

But let’s begin with a target that is very special to us, the only target that keeps astrophotographers busy photographing in the daytime.

So What Is The Milky Way Exactly?

The galaxy that we live in is known as the Milky Way galaxy. It consists of a collection of stars and planets that are gravitationally bound together in a swirling spiral. One of those planets is earth.

According to a NASA report, our galaxy is only one in about 2 trillion galaxies. Groups of these galaxies are combined into clusters; the group we belong to is creatively known as the “Local Group.”

Why Do We Call The Milky Way, The ‘Milky Way’?

As you can see in the many images of the Milky Way, you will see a dim, milky looking glow circling the outer edge. This is caused by the countless bright burning stars that surround it.

In ancient times, the Romans would call it “via lactea,” which, when translated, roughly means “milky way/road.”

Click here to read more!

How light phenomenon created

TrES-2 b: Den mörkaste planeten

750 ljusår från vår sol, i Dracos konstellation, är stjärnan GSC 03549-02811 A, en gul stjärna, liknande vår sol.
0,04 AU från sin stjärna, roterar på en cirkulär bana runt sin sol, är planeten TrES-2 b. Hans år varar bara i 2,4 dagar. Planeten har tidvattenkoppling med sin stjärna, visar alltid samma ansikte mot sin sol.

Det är en gasformig planet, typen "Hot Jupiter" , som Jupiter, men väldigt, väldigt mörk: den speglar bara 1 % av ljuset den får från sin stjärna.
Dessutom ger innervärme, ett rödaktigt glitter.
Det upptäcktes sommaren 2011.

What Will Happen to the Sun?

STELLAR CORPSE. After the Sun’s death, much of its matter will dissipate as a planetary nebula, a slowly expanding bubble of gas.
The Helix Nebula in Aquarius represents one of the sky’s most beautiful such objects. 

The Sun is an ordinary star. It bathes the solar system with light and heat, making life possible on Earth. It’s as regular as clockwork, and it sets our daily life cycles in conjunction with Earth’s spin. Little wonder ancient peoples revered the Sun as a god. Yet the Sun will not always be steady and reliable. Billions of years from now, the Sun's finale will turn Earth — and the entire inner solar system — into a very nasty place.

At 4.6 billion years old, the Sun is about halfway through its life. Its adulthood, called the main sequence phase, lasts 10 billion years. When the Sun runs out of hydrogen fuel, it must generate energy by fusing heavier elements.

At that point, its main sequence phase is over. In one of the most peculiar transformations we know of, the Sun’s helium core, about the size of a giant planet, will contract and heat up. And, in response, the Sun will expand by 100 times.

A question Stern and other planetary scientists are asking: Will the outer worlds with newfound water evolve life in the relatively brief intervals they have to do so? The liquid water on these worlds might exist for only a few hundred million years. After that, the Sun’s luminosity will dim to the point where these new water worlds will permanently refreeze. Hydrocarbons that could contribute to life’s emergence are already there, though. So, it’s possible that, in its death throes, our Sun may seed new life.

Some 10 billion red giants blaze today in the Milky Way Galaxy. Among all of these aged stars, might some have spawned new life on worlds that remained frozen during the stars’ main sequence phases? It’s possible, say astronomers, but only time — and a whole lot more research — will tell.

First Ever Images Of Venus Surface 2022

The moon passed between Nasa's Deep Space Climate Observatory and the Earth, allowing the satellite to capture this rare image of the moon's far side in full sunlight.
We normally don't see this side of the moon. As the moon is tidally locked to the earth and doesn't rotate, we only ever see the one face from the earth. Awesome shot! (2015)

'Mare Tranquillitatis' at the Moon surface

GERDÛN
(UNIVERS)

THE UNIVERSE IS WONDERFUL BUT COLD
Komplike bir fenomen gibi bize gözükse de, Evren’in işleyen bir mekanizma ve dinamiği vardır.
Bu mekanik ve dinamik bileşkeninde sürekli hareket ve sürekli değişim yaşayan Evren’de yeni yıldız ve gezegenler doğup geliştiği gibi de, bunlar aynı etkenlerden dolayı da ölüyorlar..
Acaba insan ırkı kendini Evren’de ebedişetirebilecek bir atılım gerçekleştirebilecek midir, yoksa içinde hayvan gibi debelendiği sosyal ve siyasal sorunların menfi etkisinin kurbanı olarak kendi kendini yok edecek bir eşekliğe imza mı atacaktır?
En büyük soru hala budur: olmak veya olmamak:
To be or not to be..

Biolojikmen insandan daha mükemmel dünya dışı bir canlı varlığın kainattaki mevcudiyeti büyük bir ihtimal dahilindedir.
Ayrıca bu bizden katbekat daha gelişkin dünyadışı canlı varlıkların yaratıcılarımız veya yeniden yapılandırıcılarımız oldukları yönündeki ihtimal de güçlüdür..
Önümüzdeki 20 yılda bu soruya büyük bir oranda cevap almış veya bulmuş olacağız.

The Milky Way is probably full of dead civilizations

(Image: © European Souther Observatory)

Most of the alien civilizations that ever dotted our galaxy have probably killed themselves off already.

That's the takeaway of a new study, published Dec. 14 to the arXiv database, which used modern astronomy and statistical modeling to map the emergence and death of intelligent life in time and space across the Milky Way. Their results amount to a more precise 2020 update of a famous equation that Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence founder Frank Drake wrote in 1961. The Drake equation, popularized by physicist Carl Sagan in his "Cosmos" miniseries, relied on a number of mystery variables — like the prevalence of planets in the universe, then an open question. 

This new paper, authored by three Caltech physicists and one high school student, is much more practical. It says where and when life is most likely to occur in the Milky Way, and identifies the most important factor affecting its prevalence: intelligent creatures' tendency toward self-annihilation.

"Since Carl Sagan's time, there's been lots of research," said study co-author Jonathan H. Jiang, an astrophysicist at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech. "Especially since the Hubble Space Telescope and Kepler Space Telescope, we have lots of knowledge about the densities [of gas and stars] in the Milky Way galaxy and star formation rates and exoplanet formation ... and the occurrence rate of supernova explosions. We actually know some of the numbers [that were mysteries at the time of the famous 'Cosmos' episode]."

The authors looked at a range of factors presumed to influence the development of intelligent life, such as the prevalence of sunlike stars harboring Earth-like planets; the frequency of deadly, radiation-blasting supernovas; the probability of and time necessary for intelligent life to evolve if conditions are right; and the possible tendency of advanced civilizations to destroy themselves.

Modeling the evolution of the Milky Way over time with those factors in mind, they found that the probability of life emerging based on known factors peaked about 13,000 light-years from the galactic center and 8 billion years after the galaxy formed. Earth, by comparison, is about 25,000 light-years from the galactic center, and human civilization arose on the planet's surface about 13.5 billion years after the Milky Way formed (though simple life emerged soon after the planet formed.)

In other words, we're likely a frontier civilization in terms of galactic geography and relative latecomers to the self-aware Milky Way inhabitant scene. But, assuming life does arise reasonably often and eventually becomes intelligent, there are probably other civilizations out there — mostly clustered around that 13,000-light-year band, mostly due to the prevalence of sunlike stars there.

A figure from the paper plots the age of the Milky Way in billions of years (y axis) against distance from the galactic center (x axis), finding a hotspot for civilization 8 billion years after the galaxy formed and 13,000 light years from the galactic center. (Image credit: Cai et al.)

Most of these other civilizations that still exist in the galaxy today are likely young, due to the probability that intelligent life is fairly likely to eradicate itself over long timescales. Even if the galaxy reached its civilizational peak more than 5 billion years ago, most of the civilizations that were around then have likely self-annihilated, the researchers found .

This last bit is the most uncertain variable in the paper; how often do civilizations kill themselves? But it's also the most important in determining how widespread civilization is, the researchers found. Even an extraordinarily low chance of a given civilization wiping itself out in any given century — say, via nuclear holocaust or runaway climate change — would mean that the overwhelming majority of peak Milky Way civilizations are already gone.

The paper has been submitted to a journal for publication and is awaiting peer review.

Originally published on Live Science.

A world-like new world .. Kepler-186 f

Erd, Cîhan, Dunya

Zeman li gerîneka (planet) dunyayê, bi ger û liva dunyayê tê têgehînê/pîvanê.
Zeman li gerdûnê (kaînatê) jî, bi liva berdewamî ya firehbûna gerdûnê tê têgehînê/pîvanê.

Encam: Heger gerdûn nebe, zeman jî nîn e.

MA DEM Û WAR GUHERBER E GELO?
(COSMIC MOVEMENT & ACCELARATION?)

Dem dilive û GUHERBER e. Her wek demê gelo war jî guherber e, gelo war jî dilive? Bi gotineke din ERDÊ BIN LINGÊ ME DIŞEMITE YAN NA?
Bersivê ta nuha kes nizane. Zaniyarên gerdûnî (kosmolog) dibêjin ku Gerdûn (Universe) her ku dihere BERFIREH (ekspans/expand) dibe. Çawa
ku dem diherike her wisa jî hemû STÊR û GERÎNEKÊN li Gerdûnê jî bi hêzeke mezin ji hev dûr dikevin. Aha em li vir in: zaneyên me hîna nizanin ku
em li ciyê xwe ne yan dişemitin.. XweDA /XweZa dawiya me ya bi xêr ke.

Malstêra ( Galaksiya) Me û Stêrên li derdora wê

Stephan's Quintet

Our Galaxy's Black Hole Suddenly Lit Up and Nobody Knows Why

"Dikkat ettim de, her şeyin kaderde yazılmış olduğunu ve kaderi değiştirmek için hiçbir şey yapılamayacağını iddia edenler
bile, yolda karşıdan karşıya geçmeden önce sağa sola bakıyorlar" .

Stephen Hawking

For The First Time, NASA Witnesses Black Hole Giving Birth To Stars

However, according to recent research, they are just as capable of producing stars as they are of consuming them

Astronomers have reached this conclusion after observing a black hole 30 million light-years distant produce stars in the dwarf starburst galaxy known as Henize 2-10.

The finding, which was made possible by NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, is the first time that black holes have given strong indications that they stimulate star formation in very tiny galaxies, according to experts, raising the issue of what function black holes play.

Amy Reines, the primary author of new research published Wednesday in the journal Nature, described the peculiar characteristics of Henize’s black hole.

Scientists discover space superhighway between asteroid belt & Neptune

New gravitational 'superhighway' is discovered in the Solar System that could make interplanetary spaceflight much faster than was previously thought possible

The highways allow space rocks to travel through space far faster than previously thought - for example, travelling between
Jupiter and Neptune in under a decade

• Researchers gathered data on millions of gravitational interactions and orbits
• This allowed them to understand the superhighway between the gas giants
• The superhighway allows asteroids to travel at far faster speeds than otherwise

By Ryan Morrison For Mailonline
Published: 10 December 2020

A new 'superhighway' network running through the Solar System has been discovered by astronomers, and it could speed up space travel in the future. 

Researchers from the University of San Diego looked at the orbits of millions of bodies in our Solar System and computed how they fit together and interact.

The highways allow objects to move through space much faster than previously thought possible – for example, travelling between Jupiter and Neptune in under a decade.  

One day, NASA or other space agencies could make use of these superhighways to speed up travel time from the Earth to distant parts of the Solar System, but the team can't yet say how it would work or how much faster journeys would become. 

To discover these 'celestial autobahns', the team looked at space manifolds – invisible structures consisting of a series of connected arches, which are generated by gravitational interactions in the Solar System. 

In order to understand how these arches interconnect, the team had to examine the orbits of millions of objects including comets, moons and planets.

In a paper published in Science Advances, the researchers observed the structures between objects extending from the asteroid belt between Mars and Jupiter to Uranus and beyond. 

Space manifolds act as the boundaries of dynamical channels – that is connections between gravitational interactions – enabling fast transportation into the inner and outermost reaches of the Solar System.  

'We reveal a notable and hitherto undetected ornamental structure of manifolds, connected in a series of arches that spread from the asteroid belt to Uranus and beyond,' the team wrote in their paper. 

This newly discovered celestial highway acts to shift objects over several decades, as opposed to the hundreds of thousands or millions of years in open space. 

The most conspicuous arch structures are linked to Jupiter and the strong gravitational forces it exerts on the objects caught within its influence. 

'Jupiter, being the most massive body in our planetary system, is responsible for most of the structures we've discovered,' study co-author Aaron J Rosengren, from the University of California San Diego, told MailOnline.

'But each planet generates similar "arches" and all of these structures can interact to produce quite complicated routes for transport.'

He added that small bodies located inside the 'manifold tubes' will follow prescribed trajectories.

'Orbits on these manifolds encounter Jupiter on rapid time scales, where they can be transformed into collisional or escaping trajectories, reaching Neptune’s distance in a mere decade,' the researchers wrote.

'All planets generate similar manifolds that permeate the Solar System, allowing fast transport throughout, a true celestial autobahn.

'It should come at no surprise that Jupiter can induce large-scale transport on decadal time scales,' the authors wrote in their paper.

This has been seen in previous space missions, specifically designed for Jupiter-assisted transport. Flybys of the two Voyager missions are prime examples. 

'That gravity assists can be enabled by manifolds is also well known to astrodynamicists,' according to the US team.

'Yet, their widespread influence on natural celestial bodies has been largely undervalued and unexplored.'

Populations of Jupiter-family comets, as well as small Solar System bodies known as Centaurs, are controlled by such manifolds on unprecedented time scales. 

Some of these bodies will end up colliding with Jupiter or being ejected from the Solar System – and one day arrive in a distance star system.

The structures were resolved by gathering data about millions of orbits in our Solar System and computing how these orbits fit within already-known space manifolds. 

The results need to be studied further, according to the researchers, to understand how spaceships can make better use of the new superhighways.

The team also want to determine how such manifolds behave in the vicinity of Earth, as they have so far focused on those beyond the asteroid belt after Mars.

By understanding their role in the inner Solar System, they hope to understand how they control asteroid and meteorite encounters.

This could in future help astronomers and engineers understand the potential future impact on stellar dynamics of the growing population of artificial man-made objects in the Earth-Moon system. 

The space highways could also one day be used by space agencies such as NASA and ESA to get their spacecraft to the outer planets faster.

NASA's 2001 Genesis mission, which collected a sample of solar wind particles and returned them to Earth for analysis, and its forthcoming and Artemis missions to the moon were all designed using manifold dynamics.

Meanwhile, the so-called Lagrange points – regions of relative gravitational stability – have become the outpost of over a dozen spacecraft missions.

'But, unlike the slow, though fuel efficient, backlanes used previously, the routes depicted in our study are very fast,' Professor Rosengren told MailOnline.

'Certainly, there are new opportunities, not just for interplanetary travel but also for the Earth-Moon system, which need further treatment.'

The findings were published in the journal Science Advances.   

Super-Earths are real and they could be an even better place to live than Earth

• A super-Earth is a planet that's similar to Earth, but larger. Astronomers are discovering they may be one of the most common planets in our galaxy.
• These planets can be almost double Earth's radius and up to 10 times more massive.
• All that extra mass is what researchers think could really make super-Earths the perfect home.

Following is a transcript of the video.

Astronomers have found dozens of potentially habitable planets outside of our solar system. That's dozens of chances to discover the first alien life! Or plenty of places we could park our first interstellar colonies!

But with so many options, how do we know which is best? You might think the most Earth-like planets should be top of our list. After all, we've got water, land, an atmosphere, and trillions of life forms lapping it all up.

But according to a small group of researchers, there are bigger and better planets out there. They're called super-Earths.

Super-Earths may be some of the most common planets in our galaxy. Since 2009, the Kepler Space Telescope has discovered about 4,000 exoplanets. 30% of them are super-earths. And a few percent of those super-earths orbit within their host star's habitable zone:

That's a Goldilocks zone where the planet's surface is just the right temperature for liquid water. Not too cold or too hot. Now, there's a chance that some of these super-Earth's aren't rocky worlds like Earth. The larger ones could be made of mostly hydrogen and helium gas like Jupiter and Saturn which would not be hospitable for life.

But the reality is, astronomers are still gathering details as more data comes in. So, in the meantime, we'll explore what life on a rocky, habitable super-Earth might be like.

Liquid water is just the start. These planets can be almost double Earth's radius and up to 10 times more massive. And all that extra mass is what researchers think could really make super-Earths the perfect home. Because more massive planets have a stronger gravitational pull.

Super-Earth Kepler 20b, for example, is nearly double the size of Earth and is 10 times more massive. Making its surface gravity almost 3 times stronger. That stronger gravity means the planet can hold on to more air molecules forming a thicker atmosphere.

Which is great for protection against harmful space radiation. It also means mountains and hills would erode faster leaving a relatively flatter surface compared to Earth. Which might sound boring but scientists think this could actually spawn dozens of shallow islands across the planet.

Which, in turn, could be the perfect place for life to form and evolve. "Just as biodiversity in Earth's oceans is richest in shallow waters near coastlines, such an 'archipelago world' might be enormously advantageous to life."

There's just one problem leaving this tropical paradise would be extremely difficult. The escape velocity on Kepler 20b is more than double compared to Earth's. Which means either rockets would need more fuel to reach their destinations. For example, a mission similar to the Apollo moon landings would require twice the amount of fuel or, rockets could only carry a fraction of the payload.

For instance, SpaceX's Falcon Heavy can launch 50,000 kilograms of payload into Earth's orbit whereas it could only launch 40 kilograms into orbit around a super-Earth like Kepler 20b. That's about the weight of a German Shepherd.

Suffice it to say, leaving a super-Earth would be a far greater challenge. But if it looked like this, would you really want to say goodbye? We'll never know for sure until we visit one.

EDITOR'S NOTE: This video was originally published on July 6, 2018.

Dûrbînê (teleskop) Gerdûnî Spîtzer

Lost Galaxy

Scenic spiral galaxy NGC 5005.Hubble Pic. Nasa

Andromeda and Milky Way galaxies are merging

The Andromeda Galaxy (shown here with some of its satellites, 4,2 LY away from the earth), though larger and older, is sometimes considered a galaxy similar to our Milky Way.
New survey results suggest that the Milky Way may not be as “normal” as we think.

Kees Scherer

Andromeda

The galaxies NGC 5394 (the smaller one, on the right) and NGC 5395 (the larger one, on the left) are in the middle of colliding over the span of millions of years.

NSF’s National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory/Gemini Observatory/AURA

Collisions between galaxies can take millions of years. The galaxies NGC 5394 and NGC 5395 are in the middle of one such ambling encounter.

The pair, located about 160 million light-years away from Earth, have already collided at least once, astronomers say. The stars in each of the galaxies are so far apart that any collisions between stars are very unlikely. However, the collision may have caused turbulent motions in the galaxies’ gases and triggered new bursts of star formation.

Galaxy M51

Evren'in %4'ünün görüntüsü

Dünya, sadece %4'ünü görebildiğimiz evrende minik bir galaksi içinde. Biz de o minik nokta içinde bir yerlerde.

Em li vir in . We are here (Voyager's image)

NASA Woke Up Voyager 1 From 13 Billion Miles Away, And
The Spacecraft Actually Signalled Back

NASA sent a signal 13 billion miles into space - and got a response

NASA'S Voyager 1 has astounded its operators after answering a call to fire thrusters that have laid dormant for 37 years, the space agency has revealed.

, Mon, Dec 4, 2017

Wêneyeke rasteqîn a Kuna Reş a Herî Tund (Super Massive Black Hole), 2019
(Credits: Event Horizon Telescope collaboration et al.)

Komplike ve anlaşılmaz bir fenomen gibi bize gözükse de, Evren’in işleyen bir mekanizma ve dinamiği vardır.
Bu mekanik ve dinamik bileşkeninde sürekli hareket ve sürekli değişim yaşayan Evren’de yeni yıldız ve gezegenler doğup geliştiği gibi,
bunlar aynı etkenlerden dolayı da 'ölüyorlar'.. Acaba insan ırkı kendini Evren’de ebedişetirebilecek bir atılım gerçekleştirebilecek midir,
yoksa içinde hayvan gibi debelendiği sosyal ve siyasal sorunların menfi etkisinin ebedi kurbanı olarak kendi kendini yok edecek bir eşekliğe mi imza atacaktır?
En büyük soru hala budur: olmak veya olmamak: To be or not to be.. G.C.

What Are Black Holes?

Simulated view of a black hole in front of the Large Magellanic Cloud.
(Image: © Alain R. | Wikimedia Commons)

Black holes are some of the strangest and most fascinating objects in outer space. They're extremely dense, with such strong gravitational attraction that even light cannot escape their grasp if it comes near enough. 

Albert Einstein first predicted the existence of black holes in 1916, with his general theory of relativity. The term "black hole" was coined many years later in 1967 by American astronomer John Wheeler. After decades of black holes being known only as theoretical objects, the first physical black hole ever discovered was spotted in 1971. 

Then, in 2019 the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration released the first image ever recorded of a black hole. The EHT saw the black hole in the center of galaxy M87 while the telescope was examining the event horizon, or the area past which nothing can escape from a black hole. The image maps the sudden loss of photons (particles of light). It also opens up a whole new area of research in black holes, now that astronomers know what a black hole looks like.

So far, astronomers have identified three types of black holes: stellar black holes, supermassive black holes and intermediate black holes.

Stellar black holes — small but deadly

When a star burns through the last of its fuel, the object may collapse, or fall into itself. For smaller stars (those up to about three times the sun's mass), the new core will become a neutron star or a white dwarf. But when a larger star collapses, it continues to compress and creates a stellar black hole.

Black holes formed by the collapse of individual stars are relatively small, but incredibly dense. One of these objects packs more than three times the mass of the sun into the diameter of a city. This leads to a crazy amount of gravitational force pulling on objects around the object. Stellar black holes then consume the dust and gas from their surrounding galaxies, which keeps them growing in size.

According the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, "the Milky Way contains a few hundred million" stellar black holes.

Supermassive black holes — the birth of giants

Small black holes populate the universe, but their cousins, supermassive black holes, dominate. These enormous black holes are millions or even billions of times as massive as the sun, but are about the same size in diameter. Such black holes are thought to lie at the center of pretty much every galaxy, including the Milky Way.

Scientists aren't certain how such large black holes spawn. Once these giants have formed, they gather mass from the dust and gas around them, material that is plentiful in the center of galaxies, allowing them to grow to even more enormous sizes.

Supermassive black holes may be the result of hundreds or thousands of tiny black holes that merge together. Large gas clouds could also be responsible, collapsing together and rapidly accreting mass. A third option is the collapse of a stellar cluster, a group of stars all falling together. Fourth, supermassive black holes could arise from large clusters of dark matter. This is a substance that we can observe through its gravitational effect on other objects; however, we don't know what dark matter is composed of because it does not emit light and cannot be directly observed.

Intermediate black holes  — stuck in the middle

Scientists once thought that black holes came in only small and large sizes, but recent research has revealed the possibility that midsize, or intermediate, black holes (IMBHs) could exist. Such bodies could form when stars in a cluster collide in a chain reaction. Several of these IMBHs forming in the same region could then eventually fall together in the center of a galaxy and create a supermassive black hole.

In 2014, astronomers found what appeared to be an intermediate-mass black hole in the arm of a spiral galaxy.

"Astronomers have been looking very hard for these medium-sized black holes," study co-author Tim Roberts, of the University of Durham in the United Kingdom, said in a statement. "There have been hints that they exist, but IMBHs have been acting like a long-lost relative that isn't interested in being found."

Newer research, from 2018, suggested that these IMBHs may exist in the heart of dwarf galaxies (or very small galaxies). Observations of 10 such galaxies (five of which were previously unknown to science before this latest survey) revealed X-ray activity — common in black holes — suggesting the presence of black holes of from 36,000 to 316,000 solar masses. The information came from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey, which examines about 1 million galaxies and can detect the kind of light often observed coming from black holes that are picking up nearby debris.

What do black holes look like? 

Black holes have three "layers": the outer and inner event horizon, and the singularity.

The event horizon of a black hole is the boundary around the mouth of the black hole, past which light cannot escape. Once a particle crosses the event horizon, it cannot leave. Gravity is constant across the event horizon.

The inner region of a black hole, where the object's mass lies, is known as its singularity, the single point in space-time where the mass of the black hole is concentrated.

Scientists can't see black holes the way they can see stars and other objects in space. Instead, astronomers must rely on detecting the radiation black holes emit as dust and gas are drawn into the dense creatures. But supermassive black holes, lying in the center of a galaxy, may become shrouded by the thick dust and gas around them, which can block the telltale emissions.

Sometimes, as matter is drawn toward a black hole, it ricochets off the event horizon and is hurled outward, rather than being tugged into the maw. Bright jets of material traveling at near-relativistic speeds are created. Although the black hole remains unseen, these powerful jets can be viewed from great distances.

The Event Horizon Telescope's image of a black hole in M87 (released in 2019) was an extraordinary effort, requiring two years of research even after the images were taken. That's because the collaboration of telescopes, which stretches across many observatories worldwide, produces an astounding amount of data that is too large to transfer by internet. 

With time, researchers expect to image other black holes and build up a repository of what the objects look like. The next target is likely Sagittarius A*, which is the black hole in the center of our own Milky Way galaxy. Sagittarius A* is intriguing because it is quieter than expected, which may be due to magnetic fields smothering its activity, a 2019 study reported. Another study that year showed that a cool gas halo surrounds Sagittarius A*, which gives unprecedented insight into what the environment around a black hole looks like.

Measurements of pulsar acceleration reveal Milky Way's dark side

by Lee Sandberg, Institute for Advanced Study

Our adress approaching: Black hole WARNING: Huge void 100,000 bigger than sun discovered in centre of Milky Way

05.09.2017

Our adress in the Universe

Earth is 2,000 light-years closer to a supermassive black hole at the center of our galaxy than first thought (2020)

• Japan's space agency has created a new map of the Milky Way
• The team has been collecting data for the past 15 years, revealing new insights  
• Earth is only 25,800 light years away from a supermassive black hole
• A previous analysis from 1985 suggested it is  27,700 light years away
• The team also found Earth is moving 141 miles per second faster in orbit

Earth is closer to a supermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way Galaxy that previously believed, new data reveals.

The National Astronomical Observatory of (NAOJ) found our planet is 2,000 light years closer to Sagittarius A.

The initial analysis projected Earth was initially 27,700 light years away, but it is only 25,800 light years away.

Along with being closer to the black hole, the new data shows Earth is orbiting the Galactic Center of the Milky Way 141 miles per second faster. 

Although the findings may spark fear around the world, the results are due to new observation data that created a better model of our galaxy.

The ghostly circles are baffling scientists

Mysterious ‘ghostly circles’ found looming in space – and baffled scientists think they could be WORMHOLES

STRANGE ghostly circles spotted in space are baffling astronomers as they try to work out what they could be.

Scientist Anna Kapinska initially labelled one as "WTF?" after spotting the cosmic ring while browsing through radio astronomical data.

According to a report in The Conversation, Kapinska's colleague found another of the spooky shapes a few days later.

The researchers had been studying new photos from the the Evolutionary Map of the Universe (EMU) project.

They were taken by the new Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) telescope.

The telescope is very powerful and sensitive to faint objects like the never-before-seen circles.

More mysterious blobs have been spotted since the initial two and they're now referred to as ORCs or "odd radio circles"

A software error of the telescope was ruled out after other radio telescopes confirmed the circles existed.

Supernova remnants have also been ruled out as a possible explanation.

A research paper called Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia runs through all the possibilities and concludes that the circles aren't anything we currently know about.

An artist's impression of a wormhole

They might be shockwaves from a huge explosion in a distant galaxy.

Two Russian scientists have even suggested that they could be the "throats" of wormholes.

In theory, wormholes could act like a magical gateway easily connecting two points in space and time with each other.

In science fiction, they’re often depicted as gateways that can let people step into another time or galaxy.

It's a bit of a confusing concept but a wormhole is essentially a theoretical method of folding space and time so two places in space can be connected together.

Fans of the movie Interstellar will be familiar with this concept.

It shows how astronauts on a spacecraft could travel through a wormhole with only a small amount of time passing for them but, for people back on Earth, hundreds or even thousands of years could have passed.

It’s like drawing a line between two dots on a piece of paper, folding the paper over so the dots are touching and then forcing your pen through the page.

The hole created represents the wormhole.

Einstein theorised that space time can be tangled up so tightly that two points can share the same physical location.

Then all you need is a short wormhole between the two for instantaneous travel.

For now, the ghostly circles will need a lot more research before anyone can be more certain about what they are.

Read More: Link

Astronomers Discovered Cosmic ‘Superhighways’ for Fast Travel Through the Solar System

Invisible structures generated by gravitational interactions in the Solar System have created a network of “space superhighways,” astronomers have discovered. These channels allow fast travel of objects in space and can be used for the purpose of human space exploration and research of comets and asteroids.

Applying analyzes to both observations and simulation data, a team of researchers led by Nataša Todorovic of the Belgrade Astronomical Observatory in Serbia noticed that these superhighways consisted of a series of connected arches in these invisible structures called cosmic collectors – and each planet generates its own collectors, creating together what researchers call “a true celestial autobahn.”

This network can transport objects from Jupiter to Neptune in a matter of decades, rather than much longer periods of the order of hundreds of thousands to millions of years, which are usually calculated for the solar system.

Finding hidden structures in space is not always easy, but looking at the way things are moving can provide useful clues – especially comets and asteroids.

Scientists say they have analyzed data from “millions of orbits in the solar system” to find their interaction. The benefits of such an analysis will be not only for the possible acceleration of space travel. Studying these processes can also help move and even control comets and asteroids that could be dangerous to Earth.

Stargates ?!

Time Traveler

Finally, some good news

Supermassive Black Holes Might Really Be 'Traversable' Wormholes, Astrophysicists Suggest “The wormholes we are considering are traversable wormholes, so theoretically spacecraft can travel through them,” said the lead author of a new study. by Becky Ferreira Our universe is astonishingly colossal in scale, which can be a bummer if you are interested in traveling beyond our tiny corner of it. Wormholes, which are speculative bridges between distant locations in space, offer a potential cosmic shortcut to destinations that would be unreachable by other means.  Though wormholes are predicted by Einstein’s theory of general relativity, their existence has yet to be empirically proven. Now, a team led by Mikhail Piotrovich, an astrophysicist at the Central Astronomical Observatory at Pulkovo in Saint Petersburg, Russia, has proposed a new way to search for the hypothetical tunnels: by investigating whether some supermassive black holes are actually entrances to wormholes.  Wormholes at the center of extremely bright galaxies might “radiate with a distinctive spectrum” that could be observationally detected, according to the team’s forthcoming study in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society.  Capturing this signature would not only provide evidence for the existence of wormholes, it would open up an entirely new avenue of potential spaceflight—and even time travel.  “A very interesting and unusual consequence of the existence of wormholes of this type is the fact that such wormholes are natural time machines,” Piotrovich said in an email.  “The wormholes we are considering are traversable wormholes, so theoretically spacecraft can travel through them,” he added. “But of course, it should be understood that we know very little about the internal structure of wormholes and moreover, we do not even know for sure whether they exist at all.” Some galaxies contain luminous cores called active galactic nuclei (AGN) that blast out massive twin jets, made of energized matter, that travel close to the speed of light. Scientists think AGN are fueled by tidal interactions between supermassive black holes and “accretion disks” that form from the gas, dust, and stars falling into them. Piotrovich and his colleagues suggest that AGN are “wormhole mouths” rather than supermassive black holes. If this were true, it would mean that these galactic cores might be linked to each other across space and time, which could cause matter to fall in through both mouths of a linked AGN pair. If two gulps of matter from either end of the mouths were to collide inside the wormhole “throat,” it would release a truly mind-boggling amount of energy and radiation. The wormhole would belch plasma out of both mouths that could reach temperatures of about 10 trillion°C. It would also emit high-energy gamma rays that could be distinguished from the light of the accretion disk. “Accretion disks of AGN don’t emit gamma radiation, because their temperature is too low for that,” said Piotrovich. “Secondly, jets have a very specific radiation pattern, i.e. most of the gamma radiation is directed along the direction of the jet.”  The notion that AGN might be wormholes dates back to 2005, but the new study is the first to propose this novel way of possibly detecting the fabled tunnels. Observatories such as NASA’s Fermi gamma-ray space telescope might be able to pick up gamma rays from crashes inside wormholes, if they exist.  The nearest AGN are millions of light years from the Milky Way, so it’s not as if we could hop in a spaceship and visit one if we suspected it was a secret wormhole. Moreover, a wormhole that was initially put on the map due to violent plasma outbursts might not be a place any human would particularly want to enter, even in the most robust spaceship. That said, finding evidence for wormholes—even from afar—would be an amazing breakthrough in our understanding of the universe, and would validate the futuristic dreams of science fiction enthusiasts around the world.

An Astonishing New Theory Claims Past, Present And Future Exist Simultaneously

• A team of scientists proposes using time crystals to power topological superconductors.
• The approach could lead to error-free quantum computers.
• Time crystals appear to break laws of physics.

How to tie a quantum knot

Is Our Universe One of Many? Here's How We Can Find Out

A multiverse consists of many separate and distinct universes, as depicted in this artist's concept. (Credit: Jaswe/Shutterstock)

The idea that we could live in a multiverse of infinite parallel universes is a real scientific theory. Here's what we know about it.

The existence of parallel universes may seem like something cooked up by science fiction writers, with little relevance to modern theoretical physics. But the idea that we live in a “multiverse” made up of an infinite number of parallel universes has long been considered a scientific possibility — although it is still a matter of vigorous debate among physicists.

The race is now on to find a way to test the theory, including searching the sky for signs of collisions with other universes. It is important to keep in mind that the multiverse view is not actually a theory, it is rather a consequence of our current understanding of theoretical physics. This distinction is crucial. We have not waved our hands and said: “Let there be a multiverse.” Instead the idea that the universe is perhaps one of infinitely many is derived from current theories like quantum mechanics and string theory.

Quantum Implications

You may have heard the thought experiment of Schrödinger’s cat, a spooky animal who lives in a closed box. The act of opening the box allows us to follow one of the possible future histories of our cat, including one in which it is both dead and alive. The reason this seems so impossible is simply because our human intuition is not familiar with it. But it is entirely possible according to the strange rules of quantum mechanics. The reason that this can happen is that the space of possibilities in quantum mechanics is huge.

Mathematically, a quantum mechanical state is a sum (or superposition) of all possible states. In the case of the Schrödinger’s cat, the cat is the superposition of “dead” and “alive” states. But how do we interpret this to make any practical sense at all? One popular way is to think of all these possibilities as bookkeeping devices so that the only “objectively true” cat state is the one we observe. However, one can just as well choose to accept that all these possibilities are true, and that they exist in different universes of a multiverse.

The String Landscape

String theory is one of our most, if not the most, promising avenue to be able to unify quantum mechanics and gravity. This is notoriously hard because gravitational force is so difficult to describe on small scales like those of atoms and subatomic particles — which is the science of quantum mechanics. But string theory, which states that all fundamental particles are made up of one-dimensional strings, can describe all known forces of nature at once: gravity, electromagnetism and the nuclear forces. However, for string theory to work mathematically, it requires at least ten physical dimensions.

Since we can only observe four dimensions: height, width, depth (all spatial) and time (temporal), the extra dimensions of string theory must therefore be hidden somehow if it is to be correct. To be able to use the theory to explain the physical phenomena we see, these extra dimensions have to be “compactified” by being curled up in such a way that they are too small to be seen. Perhaps for each point in our large four dimensions, there exists six extra indistinguishable directions?

A problem, or some would say, a feature, of string theory is that there are many ways of doing this compactification — 10^500 possibilities is one number usually touted about. Each of these compactifications will result in a universe with different physical laws — such as different masses of electrons and different constants of gravity.

However there are also vigorous objections to the methodology of compactification, so the issue is not quite settled. But given this, the obvious question is: which of these landscape of possibilities do we live in? String theory itself does not provide a mechanism to predict that, which makes it useless as we can’t test it. But fortunately, an idea from our study of early universe cosmology has turned this bug into a feature.

The cosmic microwave background. Scoured for gravitational waves and signs of collisions with other universes. (Credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team)

The Early Universe

During the very early universe, the universe underwent a period of accelerated expansion called inflation. Inflation was invoked originally to explain why the current observational universe is almost uniform in temperature. However, the theory also predicted a spectrum of temperature fluctuations around this equilibrium which was later confirmed by several spacecraft such as Cosmic Background Explorer, Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe and the PLANCK spacecraft.

While the exact details of the theory are still being hotly debated, inflation is widely accepted by physicists. However, a consequence of this theory is that there must be other parts of the universe that are still accelerating. However, due to the quantum fluctuations of space-time, some parts of the universe never actually reach the end state of inflation.

This means that the universe is, at least according to our current understanding, eternally inflating. Some parts can therefore end up becoming other universes, which could become other universes, etc. This mechanism generates a infinite number of universes. By combining this scenario with string theory, there is a possibility that each of these universes possesses a different compactification of the extra dimensions and hence has different physical laws.

Testing the Theory

The universes predicted by string theory and inflation live in the same physical space (unlike the many universes of quantum mechanics which live in a mathematical space), meaning they can overlap or collide. Indeed, they inevitably must collide, leaving possible signatures in the cosmic sky which we can try to search for. The exact details of the signatures depends intimately on the models — ranging from cold or hot spots in the cosmic microwave background to anomalous voids in the distribution of galaxies.

Nevertheless, since collisions with other universes must occur in a particular direction, a general expectation is that any signatures will break the uniformity of our observable universe. These signatures are actively being pursued by scientists. Some are looking for it directly through imprints in the cosmic microwave background, the afterglow of the Big Bang. However, no such signatures are yet to be seen.

Others are looking for indirect support such as gravitational waves, which are ripples in space-time as massive objects pass through. Such waves could directly prove the existence of inflation, which ultimately strengthens the support for the multiverse theory. Whether we will ever be able to prove their existence is hard to predict. But given the massive implications of such a finding it should definitely be worth the search.

This article was originally published on The Conversation.

Infinite Universe: Scientists Suggest Our Universe Has No Beginning

Image source: Mike Rosecope/procy/Shutterstock/Big Think

• New findings in astronomy are making some astronomers doubt our basic model of the universe.
• Alignments of celestial objects suggest that they may be embedded in large-scale structures.
• Galaxies too far apart to be influencing each other are moving through space together.

The large-scale structures revealed in one segment of sky

Image source: National Center for Supercomputer Applications by Andrey Kravtsov (The University of Chicago) and Anatoly Klypin (New Mexico State University).
Visualizations by Andrey Kravtsov.

Billions of light years apart

Several pieces of research are causing interest in these large-scale structures to heat up. The most mind-blowingly distant synchronized motion was reported in 2014, when the rotation axes of 19 super-massive black holes at the centers of quasars — out of 100 quasars studied — were found to be in alignment, billions of light years apart. According to the study's lead author, astronomer Damien Hutsemékers of the University of Liège in Belgium, "Galaxy spin axes are known to align with large-scale structures such as cosmic filaments but this occurs on smaller scales. However, there is currently no explanation why the axes of quasars are aligned with the axis of the large group in which they are embedded."

The first word of the research paper's title, "Spooky Alignment of Quasars Across Billions of Light-years," invokes cosmic-scale quantum entanglement as a possible explanation.

Galaxies of a feather

Astronomer Joon Hyeop Lee of the Korea Astronomy and Space Institute is the lead author of "Mysterious Coherence in Several-megaparsec Scales between Galaxy Rotation and Neighbor Motion," published in October of this year in Astrophysical Journal. Comparing data from two catalogs of redshift survey data — the Calar Alto Legacy Integral Field Area (CALIFA) and NASA-Sloan Atlas (NSA) catalogs — the researchers' analysis of 445 galaxies revealed, surprisingly, that galaxies six meparsecs, or 20 million light years, apart were moving in the same way. Those observed, for example, a galaxy moving toward the Earth was mirrored by other distant galaxies moving in the same direction.

"This discovery is quite new and unexpected," according to Lee, "I have never seen any previous report of observations or any prediction from numerical simulations, exactly related to this phenomenon."

Since the galaxies are too distant for their gravitational fields to be influencing each other, Lee poses another explanation: That the linked galaxies are both embedded within the same, large-scale structure.

Image source: sripfoto/Shutterstock/Big Think

Flatness

Another puzzle suggesting the influence of large-scale structures has become clear over recent years. It's been observed that galaxies surrounding our own Milky Way are weirdly arranged in a single, flat plane. Big-Bang thinking would suggest that they should be circling us at all different sorts of angles. Obviously, for adherents of that way of viewing the galaxy — known as the ?CDM model — this at the very least a troubling anomaly.

The hope that it was an anomaly weakened with the discovery of the same thing occurring around the Andromeda galaxy, and then again around Centaurus A in 2015. By the time "A whirling plane of satellite galaxies around Centaurus A challenges cold dark matter cosmology" was published in 2018, the phenomenon was starting to seem quite common, and possibly universal. The idea that the satellite galaxies might part of a large-scale structure had become even worthier of serious consideration.

İSLAMO-FAŞİST TURK-ARAB & FARS REAKSİYONERİZMİ ve İNSANLIĞIN AYDINLIKLI GELECEĞİ

DUNYA DEREWÎN E.

"We are the universe and the universe is in us"

"Everything you see is an illusion. We ourselves are a projection from a reality whose source we do not know. But we are beginning to sense that it is possible through quantum physics and dualism. Everything is in pairs. twice. Everything happens in a double sense. Time and space here in the earthly illusory life is only constant and fixed here but not at the other end. Here you can't have control over time and space, but there it's the opposite. Time and space can be controlled."

Tetrahedrons representing the quasicrystalline spin network (QSN), the fundamental substructure of spacetime, according to emergence theory.
Credit: Quantum Gravity Institute

• A new hypothesis says the universe self-simulates itself in a "strange loop".
• A paper from the Quantum Gravity Research institute proposes there is an underlying panconsciousness.
• The work looks to unify insight from quantum mechanics with a non-materialistic perspective.

The Big Bang Theory

DEM JIYAN GERDÛN

Dem bi tevgerê re heye. Heger liv û tevger nebe, dem jî nîn e. Gava em demê têbigehin, hingê em hemû nihênî û serveşartiyên Gerdûn û jiyanê jî têdigehin. Gerdûn heye loma tevger heye. Tevger heye, loma Gerdûn heye. Yek bê yekî nabe. Goran Candan

Did A Black Hole Give Birth To Our Universe?

When a black hole forms, the mass and energy collapses down to a singularity. Similarly, continuing ... [+]

During the earliest stages of the Universe, an inflationary period set up and gave rise to the hot ... [+]

Nearby, the stars and galaxies we see look very much like our own. But as we look farther away, we ... [+]

NEZANIYA ME asteng e li ber têgehîştina me ya nihêniyên jiyana li Gerdûnê.

GELO em ê kengê girêka vê nihêniyê verisînin nihêniyên jiyana Gerdûnê nas bikin?

When a black hole is formed, one speculative but spectacular idea is that it gives birth to a new, ... [+]

When matter collapses, it can inevitably form a black hole. Penrose was the first to work out the ... [+]

When matter collapses, it can inevitably form a black hole. Penrose was the first to work out the ... [+]

Pictures: Ethan Siegel

Image keanu 2 via Gety

Astronomers agree: Universe is nearly 14 billion years old

Credit: CC0 Public Domain

by Linda B. Glaser, Cornell University

From an observatory high above Chile's Atacama Desert, astronomers have taken a new look at the oldest light in the universe.

Their observations, plus a bit of cosmic geometry, suggest that the universe is 13.77 billion years old—give or take 40 million years. A Cornell University researcher co-authored one of two papers about the findings, which add a fresh twist to an ongoing debate in the astrophysics community.

The new estimate, using data gathered at the National Science Foundation's Atacama Cosmology Telescope (ACT), matches the one provided by the standard model of the universe, as well as measurements of the same light made by the European Space Agency's Planck satellite, which measured remnants of the Big Bang from 2009 to '13.

The research was published in the Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics.

The lead author of "The Atacama Cosmology Telescope: A Measurement of the Cosmic Microwave Background Power Spectra at 98 and 150 GHz" is Steve Choi, NSF Astronomy and Astrophysics Postdoctoral Fellow at the Cornell Center for Astrophysics and Planetary Science, in the College of Arts and Sciences.

In 2019, a research team measuring the movements of galaxies calculated that the universe is hundreds of millions of years younger than the Planck team predicted. That discrepancy suggested a new model for the universe might be needed and sparked concerns that one of the sets of measurements might be incorrect.

"Now we've come up with an answer where Planck and ACT agree," said Simone Aiola, a researcher at the Flatiron Institute's Center for Computational Astrophysics and first author of one of two papers. "It speaks to the fact that these difficult measurements are reliable."

Mysterious radio signals from deep space detected

Artwork: A highly magnetised rotating neutron star. Astronomers say one of these could be a source of the signals

By Helen Briggs
BBC News

How Can a Star Be Older Than the Universe?

This Digitized Sky Survey image shows the oldest star with a well-determined age in our galaxy. Called the Methuselah star, HD 140283 is 190.1 light-years away.
Astronomers refined the star's age to about 14.3 billion years (which is older than the universe), plus or minus 800 million years. Image released March 7,

For more than 100 years, astronomers have been observing a curious star located some 190 light years away from Earth in the constellation Libra. It rapidly journeys across the sky at 800,000 mph (1.3 million kilometers per hour). But more interesting than that, HD 140283 — or Methuselah as it's commonly known — is also one of the universe's oldest known stars.

In 2000, scientists sought to date the star using observations via the European Space Agency's (ESA) Hipparcos satellite, which estimated an age of 16 billion years old. Such a figure was rather mind-blowing and also pretty baffling. As astronomer Howard Bond of Pennsylvania State University pointed out, the age of the universe — determined from observations of the cosmic microwave background — is 13.8 billion years old. "It was a serious discrepancy," he said.

Related: The Methuselah Star: Oldest Known Star Revealed (Gallery)

Taken at face value, the star's predicted age raised a major problem. How could a star be older than the universe? Or, conversely, how could the universe be younger? It was certainly clear that Methuselah — named in reference to a biblical patriarch who is said to have died aged 969, making him the longest lived of all the figures in the Bible — was old, since the metal-poor subgiant is predominantly made of hydrogen and helium and contains very little iron. It's composition meant the star must have come into being before iron became commonplace. 

But more than two billion years older than its environment? Surely that is just not possible.

NASA - National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Our Hubble Space telescope found what looks like a cosmic, double-bladed lightsaber just in time for the release of #StarWars.
This celestial lightsaber does not lie in a galaxy far, far away, but rather inside our home galaxy, the Milky Way.
Learn more: http://go.nasa.gov/1PbjYCD

The cosmos is admirable, wonderful and also very secretive to us.
These stars in the night sky's black infinities, seems to be as mysterious as distant to us.
However, like imagining how they could be, we have the tools today showing us how they roughly look like. As I believed when I was a child
we people will one day go to them and touch them too and see how exactly they are. I am absolutely convinced of it. G.C.

MILKY WAY

Another project using an early release of the data includes a map showing the movement of the stars in our immediate stellar neighbourhood - that is within about 300 light years of the Earth. They are shown as streaks of white across the galaxy plane

These scientists have a new theory about the universe.
Here's what you need to know

One less mystery in the universe? Image: Unsplash/Guillermo Ferla

Back to Einstein, adding universality

Dûrbînê (teleskop) Gerdûnî Spîtzer

Carina Nebulosa by Hubble

HEPSİ/HERŞEY/HER MEKAN 'ŞİMDİKİ ZAMAN'DIR

Zaman mefhumu'nun anlaşılabilmesi ve doğru tanımlanabilmesi için bilim adamları hala gece ve gündüz harıl-harıl düşünmekte ve çalışmaktadırlar. Acaba zamanı tüm yönleriyle nasıl açıklayabiliriz diye çok uğraşmaktadırlar.

Oysa, ne ararsan önce kendinde ara özdeyişinde olduğu gibi, zaman nedir sorusunun anlaşılmasının anahtarı bizdedir. Onu evrenin derinliklerinde, dışarda aramaya gerek yoktur.

Madem evren hayal edilemeyecek kadar çok büyüktür, madem biz bu koskoca evrende farkedilemeyecek, görülemeyecek, dikkate alınamayacak kadar küçüğüz, o zaman, 'zaman mefhumu' da bize endeksli ve bize özgü olan bir şeydir ve hepsi şimdiki zamandır. Başka bir deyişle zaman şimdidir. Yani zaman ne eskiden vardı ve nede gelecekte olacaktır.

Daha da açıklarsak, zaman bizim gözlem ve aklımızın bir algı birimidir. Bize göre zaman vardır, çünkü biz evreni hareket halinde görüyoruz ve hareket olmasa zaman da olmaz diye düşünüyoruz. Oysa evren, hareket fenomeni boyutlu bir şey olmayabilir.

Ne kadar da büyük yanılmış oluruz o zaman, değil mi?

2020

Hebû nebû - her tişt li ser van her du peyvan ava bûye û ev her du peyv destpêka hemû çîroka me ye; hebû, nebû..

Hebû = 1
Nebû = 0

ŞARISTANIYA ME
Şaristaniya me, ji bo têgehîştina Gerdûnê û nihêniyên jiyanê, pirsên xwe yên herî grîng kiriye û bersiva gelek ji van pirsan jî karibûye bibîne.
Va ye êdî riya şaristaniya me li Gerdûnê hêdî hêdî vedibe. Mirov qesta çûna bo Merîxê dikin.

Heger hin neteweyên paşketî û ne-şaristan pirsgirêkên mezin li ber şaristaniya me dernexin, li nav demeke nêzîk wê HEMÛ nexweşî bi dermanan werin çareserkirin, ta ku çare ji mirinê re jî wê were dîtin.

Pirsa mezinbûna şêniyê dunyayê jî pirseke pir grîng e, lê heger ne van dewlet û neteweyên hov bin, şaristaniya me wê çareyek ji bo vê pirsgirêkê jî bibîne.

Serkeftin bo Şaristaniya Me
Rojên dilxweş, ronahî û azad li pêş me ..

Gerdûn, stêr û kewkeb

____________________________________________

The Year in Physics

Featuring paradoxical black holes, room-temperature superconductors and a new escape from the prison of time.

Progress on the Black Hole Information Paradox

Physicists Create Room-Temperature Superconductors

METALLISKT VATTEN !!
Är det möjligt att producera så ledande vatten som koppartråd?
I extraordinärt experiment förvandlade forskare vatten till en guldmetall.
Välkommen till framtidens tröskel!

DILOPA AVÊ ZIVIRANDIN Û KIRIN HESIN (metal)
-- Kero êdî ji xwe re hinek bi aqil bin.

Basic Alchemy Tablet

A New Answer to the Riddle of Time

Astronomers Uncover the Source of Fast Radio Bursts

Hard Evidence for a Third Kingdom of Particles

Vast Magnetic Fields Could Solve Cosmic Riddle

Merîx, Mars

Heyv

Supercomputer simulation shows how the Moon may have formed

Clearest picture of mercury 2020

PSR J1810-148b A diamond planet

Dunya 1670 km zû li dora xwe dizivire

Evîn û hezkirin û dilşewatî gerdûnî ye.

Gerdûn biçûk e - Evîn MAZIN e.
Universe is little - Love is BIG

Evîn û hezkirin û dilşewatî gerdûnî ye.

Gerdûn biçûk e - Evîn MAZIN e.
Universe is little - Love is BIG
Universum är litet - Kärleken är STOR

In addition to the four basic elements of earth, air, fire and water there is another element: love .. and that is the basis of all these four.

Förutom de fyra grundelementen jord, luft, eld och vatten finns en till element: kärlek.. och det är grunden till alla dessa fyra.

Melayê Cizîrî 1407-1481
http://www.saradistribution.com/melaye-ciziri.htm

Moon-Earth from Space

Milky way at the Egyptian opinion and feeling

Milky way seen from Namibian Desert

Milky way seen from Namibian Desert

Em rêwiyê li gerdûnê ne

ERDEMLİ İNSAN OL
Herşeyin mümkün olabildiği sınırı ve muhtevası belirsiz Evren'in içinde miskali zerre kadar anlamsız ve önemsiz olan bu yerimizde kaderimizin ne olacağının, başımıza ne geleceğinin belirsizliği içindeki zavallı insanlar! Birbirinize ve üzerinde yaşam imkanı bulduğunuz dünya evinize karşı sorumlu ve saygılı davranın! Bir hiçsiniz şimdi ama bribirinize ve tabiat anaya karşı biraz sorumlu ve saygılı davranırsanız, belki sizden iyi bir şey çıkar ve belki bu iyi tarafınız sayesinde neslinizi devam ettirebilecek bir kapı ve yol görünebilir size bu sürekli yokoluşların yaşandığı muammalı Evren'in içinde ..
Bu sözleri sadece insan olan kültürlü toplumlar anlar.. Ortadoğu gibi bugün tamamen gericileşmiş toplumların bu sözlerin anlamını kavraması asla mümkün değildir.
İnsan ol
İnsanca yaşa
İnsanlık erdemlilik ve aklı selimlik demektir

(GC)

Quo vadis human?

01281986

Time travelling

Sergei Krikalev, The Only Time Traveled Person. The Soviet Union forgot him in space.

SpaceX'in sahibi Elon Musk:

'6 yıl içinde Mars'a insan gönderebiliriz,şanslı olabilirsek, bu 4 yıl içinde'de olabilir'.

Good Luck to humanity for discovering and colobnizing the Outer Space !!
God damn Putin and other similar dictators (in Turkey and Iran) who are destroying the nature of our planet by war and
slows down the necessary international scientific development and cooperation

IT (Interstallar Travel) HAS ALLREADY BEGUN

MARS SURFACE TOUCH DOWN Feb18, 2021

The Perseverance rover's first high-def Mastcam panorama of Jezero Crater is a doozy. NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS/ASU

Click To See The Film From Mars

By landing an unmanned vehicle on Mars, Humanity has taken the FIRST step of its attempt to discover and conquer the Universe, and this step has carried progressive humanity to a brand new stage, THE STAGE OF INTERSTALLER TRAVEL. We wish a tremendous progress and success to the progressive humanity!

Since landing on Feb. 18, 2021 the NASA Perseverance rover has had a chance to look around and scope out the surrounding landscape,
which shows off some pretty typical Mars sights of dust, dirt and rocks. NASA/JPL-Caltech

The Nasa Helicopter

Scientist Proposes Using Entire Planet as Spaceship to Different Star System

Escape... from a dying star.

Futurism

Even at the speed of light, it would take over four years to get to the nearest star system.

Needless to say, escaping a solar system is much easier said than done. But according to a new paper published in the International Journal of Astrobiology and spotted by Universe Today, an advanced civilization could do exactly that — by using an entire planet as a giant spacecraft.

In other words, according to Houston Community College professor Irina Romanovskaya, a rogue planet could act as a lifeboat, letting a civilization leave its old host star behind.

"I propose that extraterrestrial civilizations may use free-floating planets as interstellar transportation to reach, explore, and colonize planetary systems," Romanovskaya wrote.

Nature may have already inadvertently done just that by shooting rogue planets with habitable subsurface oceans through the cosmos. Astronomers have long suspected the existence of a region enveloping the solar system called the Oort Cloud, a region enveloping our system that's suspected to be home to tiny, icy planets.

If we commandeered such a world, Romanovskaya proposes, it could provide everything needed to survive the long journey.

"Free-floating planets can provide constant surface gravity, large amounts of space and resources," she argued. "Free-floating planets with surface and subsurface oceans can provide water as a consumable resource and for protection from space radiation."

If such a planet were inhospitable or too dark, the astronomy professor suggests advanced civilizations may have already developed technologies such as fusion reactors to make them habitable.

Romanovskaya proposes that "cosmic hitchhikers" could one day use objects like Sedna, a dwarf planet with an eccentric orbit in our deep solar system, as means of escape.

One potential problem with hitching a ride on a rogue planet, however, is that its core could run out of heat and "eventually fail to sustain oceans of liquid water (if such oceans exist)," Romanovskaya wrote.

They'd also be really far away from any other resources important for a civilization's survival.

"Therefore, instead of making free-floating planets their permanent homes, extraterrestrial civilizations would use the free-floating planets as interstellar transportation to reach and colonize other planetary systems," Romanovskaya concludes.

The theory also raises the intriguing possibility that SETI researchers could try to spot any aliens employing a planet as a transportation device.

"I propose possible technosignatures and artifacts that may be produced by extraterrestrial civilizations using free-floating planets for interstellar migration and interstellar colonization, as well as strategies for the search for their technosignatures and artifacts," Romanovskaya wrote.

Which means it may be possible for us to catch a glimpse of a civilization during its great escape — and perhaps learn a thing or two, in case the Sun threatens the Earth by turning into a deadly red giant in the distant future.

READ MORE: Interstellar Travel Could Be Possible Even Without Spaceships, Scientist Says [Universe Today]

Yûrî Gagarîn - Yekem Kesê Ji Atmosfera Dunyayê Derketiye 1961

Valentina Tereşkova - Yekem Jina Çûye Fezayê

Valentina Tereşkova,1937, yekem kozmonot û jina sivîl e ku çûye Ffezayê.
Tereşkova di rojeke wekî îro de ango 16-ê Hezîrana 1963ê, bi firokeya fezayî ku navê wê 'Vostok 6 e, çû Fezayê.

In September 1977, NASA launched Voyager 1 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. The craft carried a golden record that contained a message to aliens from the people of Earth.

If love is universal, then so is egocentrism

The universe is infinitely large and there are certainly much more intelligent cultures than ours there. The reason why we are not found is simply due to the infinitely large room of the universe. Our galaxy is insignificantly small, very old and also the supermassive black hole in the middle of it is devouring the entire galaxy. When our galaxy was young someone definitely visited it but at that time, our planet earth was not a quiet haunt as it was in its volcanic phase.
According to a Japanese calculation made in 1985, there are only about some ten light-years left until our galaxy's black hole has time to devour the earth. More precisely; our sun is only 25,800 light-years from the supermassive black hole. Who would want to visit a doomed insignificant little galaxy? Also, if some pirates of the universe find us, then they will, in the full sense of the word, enslave and colonize our entire planet. It would be best NOT to SEND our address into space without knowing in WHOS hands it ends up. It's probably very stupid to do that. Mankind may deeply regret this enormous mistake. The best thing would be for humanity to build bases on both the moon and Mars and then build large spaceships capable of traveling interstellarly and colonizing large parts of space in the universe for the survival of mankind. To be able to realize this, a revolutionary ultra-technical know-how in nuclear energy is needed. It will provide humanity with both effective weapons and powerful interstellar spacecraft 2020.

Voyager Timeline (Voyager 1 & 2)

Den obetydliga människans betyselselösa, dumma gärningar fortsätter tyvärr.

You are here

Ultra-Fast Space Travel Possible After Scientists Discover Hidden Super-Highways

(Representational Image: NASA

Sarthak Dogra Dec 18, 2020

Researchers have discovered a space manifold that can act as a superhighway network to travel through the Solar System much faster than previously thought. 

Image of the heart of nearby active galaxy IC 5063 reveals a mixture of bright rays and dark shadows. (Image: NASA/ Hubble Space Telescope)

The scientists believe that such a route can be used to send spacecrafts to large astronomical distances in a very short time, just as they act on asteroids and comets.

Published in the journal Science Advances, the study by researchers from UC San Diego mentions a connected series of arches inside space manifolds that extend from the asteroid belt to Uranus and beyond. 

Deeming it a "celestial autobahn," or celestial highway, it is believed to cut short the time to travel such a distance to a mere decade, as opposed to the hundreds of thousands or millions of years. The authors claim that the route can enable a travel across 100 astronomical units (about 150 million kilometres) in less than a century.

In their research, the authors highlight that the most prominent arch structures are linked to Jupiter and its strong gravitational forces. The paper mentions that such manifolds in space control the Jupiter-family comets or comets that have an orbital period of 20 years as well as Centaurs (small-size solar system bodies) on “unprecedented time scales.”

“Some of these bodies will end up colliding with Jupiter or being ejected from the Solar System,” a release by UC San Diego News Centre mentions. Scientists resolved the structures through the numerical data about millions of orbits in our Solar System. They then computed how these orbits fit within the already-known space manifolds.

It is yet unknown as to how these space manifolds will react near Earth. They are sure to control the asteroid and meteorite reaching Earth, or even the man-made objects in the Earth-Moon system. But the way in which they will react is yet unclear. A deeper study into the same can also provide a possible way of using these space manifolds to send space probes into the deep ends of our solar system.

Image source: Pablo Carlos Budassi

• We're in the middle, or thereabouts, of the universe's Stelliferous era.
• If you think there's a lot going on out there now, the first era's drama makes things these days look pretty calm.
• Scientists attempt to understand the past and present by bringing together the last couple of centuries' major schools of thought.

If you're fortunate enough to get yourself beneath a clear sky in a dark place on a moonless night, a gorgeous space-scape of stars waits. If you have binoculars and point them upward, you're treated to a mind-bogglingly dense backdrop of countless specks of light absolutely everywhere, stacked atop each other, burrowing outward and backward through space and time. Such is the universe of the cosmological era in which we live. It's called the Stelliferous era, and there are four others.

The Primordial era

Image source: Sagittarius Production/Shutterstock

For the first little, and we mean very little, bit of time, spacetime and the laws of physics are thought not yet to have existed. That weird, unknowable interval is the Planck Epoch that lasted for 10-44 seconds, or 10 million of a trillion of a trillion of a trillionth of a second. Much of what we currently believe about the Planck Epoch eras is theoretical, based largely on a hybrid of general-relativity and quantum theories called quantum gravity. And it's all subject to revision.

That having been said, within a second after the Big Bang finished Big Banging, inflation began, a sudden ballooning of the universe into 100 trillion trillion times its original size.

Within minutes, the plasma began cooling, and subatomic particles began to form and stick together. In the 20 minutes after the Big Bang, atoms started forming in the super-hot, fusion-fired universe. Cooling proceeded apace, leaving us with a universe containing mostly 75% hydrogen and 25% helium, similar to that we see in the Sun today. Electrons gobbled up photons, leaving the universe opaque.

About 380,000 years after the Big Bang, the universe had cooled enough that the first stable atoms capable of surviving began forming. With electrons thus occupied in atoms, photons were released as the background glow that astronomers detect today as cosmic background radiation.

Inflation is believed to have happened due to the remarkable overall consistency astronomers measure in cosmic background radiation. Astronomer Phil Plait suggests that inflation was like pulling on a bedsheet, suddenly pulling the universe's energy smooth. The smaller irregularities that survived eventually enlarged, pooling in denser areas of energy that served as seeds for star formation—their gravity pulled in dark matter and matter that eventually coalesced into the first stars.

The Stelliferous era

Image source: Casey Horner/unsplash

The era we know, the age of stars, in which most matter existing in the universe takes the form of stars and galaxies during this active period.

A star is formed when a gas pocket becomes denser and denser until it, and matter nearby, collapse in on itself, producing enough heat to trigger nuclear fusion in its core, the source of most of the universe's energy now. The first stars were immense, eventually exploding as supernovas, forming many more, smaller stars. These coalesced, thanks to gravity, into galaxies.

One axiom of the Stelliferous era is that the bigger the star, the more quickly it burns through its energy, and then dies, typically in just a couple of million years. Smaller stars that consume energy more slowly stay active longer. In any event, stars — and galaxies — are coming and going all the time in this era, burning out and colliding.

Scientists predict that our Milky Way galaxy, for example, will crash into and combine with the neighboring Andromeda galaxy in about 4 billion years to form a new one astronomers are calling the Milkomeda galaxy.

Our solar system may actually survive that merger, amazingly, but don't get too complacent. About a billion years later, the Sun will start running out of hydrogen and begin enlarging into its red giant phase, eventually subsuming Earth and its companions, before shrining down to a white dwarf star.

The Degenerate era

Image source: Diego Barucco/Shutterstock/Big Think

Next up is the Degenerate era, which will begin about 1 quintillion years after the Big Bang, and last until 1 duodecillion after it. This is the period during which the remains of stars we see today will dominate the universe. Were we to look up — we'll assuredly be outta here long before then — we'd see a much darker sky with just a handful of dim pinpoints of light remaining: white dwarfs, brown dwarfs, and neutron stars. These"degenerate stars" are much cooler and less light-emitting than what we see up there now. Occasionally, star corpses will pair off into orbital death spirals that result in a brief flash of energy as they collide, and their combined mass may become low-wattage stars that will last for a little while in cosmic-timescale terms. But mostly the skies will be be bereft of light in the visible spectrum.

During this era, small brown dwarfs will wind up holding most of the available hydrogen, and black holes will grow and grow and grow, fed on stellar remains. With so little hydrogen around for the formation of new stars, the universe will grow duller and duller, colder and colder.

And then the protons, having been around since the beginning of the universe will start dying off, dissolving matter, leaving behind a universe of subatomic particles, unclaimed radiation…and black holes.

The Black Hole era

Image source: Vadim Sadovski/Shutterstock/Big Think

For a considerable length of time, black holes will dominate the universe, pulling in what mass and energy still remain.

Eventually, though, black holes evaporate, albeit super-slowly, leaking small bits of their contents as they do. Plait estimates that a small black hole 50 times the mass of the sun would take about 1068 years to dissipate. A massive one? A 1 followed by 92 zeros.

When a black hole finally drips to its last drop, a small pop of light occurs letting out some of the only remaining energy in the universe. At that point, at 1092, the universe will be pretty much history, containing only low-energy, very weak subatomic particles and photons.

The Dark Era

We can sum this up pretty easily. Lights out. Forever.

Tonight, if it's clear, maybe you want to step outside, take a nice deep breath, and look up, grateful that we are where we are, and when we are, in spite of all the day's hardships. We've got a serious amount of temporal elbow room here, far more than we need, so not to worry, and those stars aren't going anywhere for a long, long time.

The Universe Is Very Slowly Dying As Scientists Helplessly Look On

We have hardly become acquainted with it, and we have witnessed its demise

Read More

A group of Finnish researchers are proposing a permanent human habitat in the orbit of Ceres, a massive asteroid and dwarf planet in the asteroid belt, between Mars and Jupiter.

According to the team, this “megasatellite settlement” could be built by collecting materials from Ceres itself.

If that sounds familiar to fans of the popular sci-fi book and TV series “The Expanse,” that’s because in that fictional universe, Ceres Station plays a pivotal role as one of humanity’s first human off-world colonies. In the series, however, the space rock itself was spun up to create a crewed habitat on its surface with artificial gravity.

In a paper uploaded to the prewrite repository arXiv this week, the team argues that Ceres would be prime real estate because it has nitrogen, which could enable the creation of an Earth-like atmosphere.

In fact, they argue that the environment could even be “better than Earth,” since there’s no adverse weather or natural disasters, and plenty of living space to grow into.

They propose a number of smaller spinning satellites, attached to each other via magnetic tethers to create a massive disk-shaped megasatellite. Artificial gravity approximately equal to that of Earth could be achieved by spinning the massive structure around Ceres.

Such a habitat would have to make a full rotation around the dwarf planet in just 66 seconds to maintain the artificial gravity.

Connecting each habitat would be maglev train-like vehicles, a weightless experience to passengers.

“When first encountered, weightlessness causes nausea and vomiting for some people,” the paper reads. “However, in a settlement where people experience occasional weightlessness from childhood, it is plausible to think that they can tolerate it well during short trips.”

The settlement could also act as a stepping stone to other reaches of the solar system.

“The motivation is to have a settlement with artificial gravity that allows growth beyond Earth’s living area, while also providing easy intra-settlement travel for the inhabitants and reasonably low population density of 500/km2,” the abstract reads. That’s about the population density of New Jersey.

Thanks to its low gravity and fast rotation, the researchers argue that a “space elevator is feasible,” allowing easy transportation of materials from Ceres to other settlements without the need for much fuel.

So what about space radiation and the threat of meteorite impacts? The team has considered those threats as well. They propose a set of massive cylindrical mirrors that could do double duty by collecting sunlight and passing it onto the habitat, while also blocking submeter scale meteoroids.

China made an artificial star that's 6 times as hot as the sun, and it could be the future of energy

• Nuclear fusion could be the future of energy, replacing fossil fuels with our own artificial stars.
• China built a fusion reactor that reaches temperatures of 100 million degrees Celsius — that's six times as hot as the sun.
• The reactor is called Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) and sustained nuclear fusion for about 10 seconds before shutting down.
• While it was a milestone for EAST, we're still a long way from generating sustainable energy on Earth.

Imagine if we could replace fossil fuels with our very own stars. And no, we're not talking about solar power: We're talking nuclear fusion. And recent research is helping us get there. Meet the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, or EAST.

EAST is a fusion reactor based in Hefei, China. And it can now reach temperatures more than six times as hot as the sun. Let's take a look at what's happening inside. Fusion occurs when two lightweight atoms combine into a single, larger one, releasing energy in the process. It sounds simple enough, but it's not easy to pull off. Because those two atoms share a positive charge. And just like two opposing magnets, those positive atoms repel each other.

Stars, like our sun, have a great way of overcoming this repulsion ... their massive size, which creates a tremendous amount of pressure in their cores ... So the atoms are forced closer together making them more likely to collide. There's just one problem: We don't have the technology to recreate that kind of pressure on Earth.

But luckily, there's another way. You can also generate fusion with extreme temperatures. And that's exactly what devices like EAST do. The higher the temperature, the faster the atoms move around and the more likely they are to collide.

But it quickly becomes a balancing act. If the temperature is too hot, the atoms move too fast and zip passed each other. If it's too cold, the atoms won't move fast enough. So, the ideal temperature to generate fusion is around 100 million degrees Celsius. That's more than 6 times as hot as our sun's core.

Only a few fusion experiments in the world have surpassed this milestone. And the latest one was EAST. It sustained nuclear fusion for about 10 seconds before shutting down. And while it was a breakthrough for EAST, it's a long way from generating sustainable energy for the people of Earth.

And that's actually on purpose. EAST is a tiny reactor. At only a few meters across, it's not meant to be a full-fledged power plant. It's an experiment. And right now, its job is to help us design more effective fusion technology that could, one day, power entire cities.

Like ITER, short for International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor, it's the world's biggest fusion project to date. Thirty-five countries have poured billions of dollars into its construction. And it is designed to be the first fusion reactor to ever produce more fusion power than the power used to heat it up.

You see, you need to pour a lot of energy into these machines to get them to work. This recent EAST test, for example, guzzled over 10 Megawatts of power. Enough to power 1,640 American homes for a year. And it didn't yield even half that amount. Since the entire point of a power plant is to, well, produce power, it's a pretty important issue to work out.

But it's worth the effort. Why? Well for one thing, fusion reactors would produce practically no radioactive waste compared to the kind of reaction we see in today's nuclear fission power plants. But even better. Fusion reactors can run on seawater — a renewable, sustainable resource.

For perspective, the amount of water just on the top inch of Lake Erie is enough to produce more power than all the fossil fuels left on the planet. And unlike other energy sources, it doesn't need the sun to shine or the wind to blow.

In a time of dwindling resources and worsening climate change, we could sure use it.

Bu şema Tanrı veya Tanrıların 7 boyutlu saltanat devridir.
Bizler şu anda 6. Boyutun 5. Nesil Devrini yaşıyoruz. 'Küresel Sermaye Güçleri'nin Devri' olan çağdayız.
Bizim çağımızda dinler artık sembolik olarak varlığını sürdürmektedir.
21. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru dini inançlar bitecek ve altın çağa girilecek. Daha sonra da Cozmik Çağ başlayacaktır.
Son olarak 6. Boyutun 7. Nesil döneminde Tanrısallaşmış Ruhlar geri dönecek.
3597 yılına kadar sürecek olan Tanrıların lazer ışınlarıyla yapacak olduğu savaşlardan sonra gökyüzü ile yeryüzünü bütünleştirecekler ve insanları ölümsüzlüğe eriştirecekler. Böyle bir olay milyonlarca yıl önce yaşanmış.
Hindistan'da bir yeraltı şehrinde bulunan bir tablette bunlar yazıyormuş.
Tanrısal 7. Boyutu milyonlarca yıl sonra başlayacağı için bizim neslimizden olan insanlar o çağları göremeyeceklerdir.

_________________________

Benim bu konudaki tahmin ve faraziyem şudur:
Yeryüzünün ultra-ileri medeniyetleri bu dünyayı terk ederek uzaydaki yeni bir dünyada insan ırkını ve neslini geliştirecekler.
İnsanık, yaşlanmış ve insanın gayri-tabii müdahalesi sonucu ekolojik dengesini tam kaybetmiş bu dünyada, bugün hepimize kan kusturan geri milletleri yeryüzünde bırakarakö GELİŞMİŞ MEDENİYET VE İNSANLIK böylece yeni ölümsüz medeniyetler ufuklarına doğru ebedi bir seyrüsefere başlayacaktır.G.C.
23.09.2020

BELÊ, DUNYA 'WÎ ALÎ' HEYE,

- Lê ne ji bo her kesî ye!

Dunyayên wek dunyayê me, bê hejimar in. Gava şeveke sayî mirov berê xwe bide kûrahiyên ezmanên reş û tarî,
piraniya stêr û sitêrikên li pêş çavê me, dunyayekî (gerînekekî/'gezegen') bi serê xwe ne. Dunya me êdî pir kal bûye û xwedî temeneke
wisa mazin ê çar milyar salan e. Zanyar dibêjin, berî ku temenê dunya me bibe deh milyar sal, wê xirabibe û hilbiweşe.

Bi gotineke din; li dor çar milyar salan temenê vî dunyayî maye. Ji nuha ve, çend nîşanên pîrbûna dunya me, xwe nîşan didin.
Wek erdhêjên berdewamî, wek qelş û qulbûna erdê, wek daketina çiyayan, wek guhertinên îklîmî yên dêmanî û hwd.

Ji ber vê yekê, fîrmaya amerîkî ya fezayê NASA, li pey peydakirina dunyayekî nû ye û li nav stêrên gerdûnê ji mirovahiyê re dunyayekî, ango maleke nuh digere.
Ji bo vê yekê xebateke zanistî ji vê heftê sal berê dest pê kiribû. Pêngava pêşîn a vê xebatê; çûn û bicihbûna li ser stêreke li Galaksa me (anku komestêrên cîranê me) bû. Piştî wê pêngavê jî, derketin û barkirina galakseke din a temenbiçûk(*).

Çûna vê dunya nuh, bêguman wê ji kes û grûbên bijarte pêk bihê. Jiyana li vir li vî dunya kevin û jiyana li dunya nuh, çend hezar sal, yan çend sed hezar sal bi awayeke paralel wê bi hev re bimeşin. Lê gava dunya ji ber kalbûna xwe, yan jî ji ber lêdana meteorekê (kevirên ezmanî), ber bi xirabûnê ve here, hingê li gor derfetê mirovên vir wê werine guhestin ser dunya nuh. Lê dîsan jî wê kesên bijarte herin, ne her kes..!

Kî û ji ber çi wê werin hilbijartin, di destê Amerîka'yê de ye. Wek keştiya Peyamber Nûh, dikarin gelek cûreyên rawir û heywanan jî bi xwe re bibin,
lê ne wek îslambazên tirk, ereb û farsan. Aha ev pir xweş e!

Ez ji bo zarokên me yên li vê pêşerojê, ji dil û can hêviya jiyaneke rind û ciwan a li ser stêreke pir geş û xweş dikim! Bila li wir
di nav aştî û aramiyeke serteser û bêdawî de bijîn! Me vê nedît, bila ew bibînin.

Bimre paşdemayîn û kerîtiya îslambaziyê!
Bijî kurd û bijî mirovatî, dostanî û keda zanyariyê!

Goran Candan
__________
*): Sala 1977'an ez û hevalê min ê xortaniyê Ferid Metin ê xwoşevîst ê Golgulî (Dêrika Çiyayê Mazî) , em li ser vê mijarê beşdarê bernameya Radyoya Moskoyê bûn û gotara ku me li ser vê mijarê nivîsî, bi mehan li ser vê radyoyê hat xwandin û weşandin.
Pirsa radyoyê pirseke felsefî bû û bi kurtî pirs û mijar ev bû: Gelo lêkolînên li ser kûrahiyên fezayê ji bo mirovahiyê wê çi sûd û kelk bidin?
Vêca ez û Ferîd me her yek gotareke dûr û dirêj li ser vê mijarê nivîsî û şand Moskoyê. Welatiyekî afrîkî li vê pêşbirkê yekemîn hat, gotara min duwemîn û ya Ferîd jî sêyemîn hat.

Rojekê ez ê naveroka vê gotara xwe yad bikim û dîsan binivîsim.

Carl Sagan/ Cosmos

Carl Sagan'ın Dünya'nın 6 Milyar Km'den Çekilen Fotoğrafı Hakkında Yazdığı Tüyleri Diken Diken Eden Yazı
Önemimiz ve daha doğrusu 'önemsizliğimiz' hakkında anlamasını bilen bir insanı hayatı boyunca en derinden etkileyecek sözlerden birini Carl Sagan söylemiş.

KİM ÖNCEYDİ - KİMLER KOPYACI
İslam diğer bütün önceki dinlerin bir kopyasıdır:

Paganizme dair: Bir tanrı ya da çok tanrı ikisi de tanrı varlığıyla alakalıdır. Hepsi de yaşanmış.. Çok tanrılı dönemler, tek tanrılı dönemler.
Biri diğerinden öncelikli değil mi.. Hepsi de aynı.. İnsanlar ne biliyor belki uzayda her birimin bir yöneticisi vardır..
Ya da çok tanrıya inananlar haklıysa, ya rüzgar tanrısı varsa, ya da deniz tanrısı..
Aralarında birlik varsa.. Nasıl ıspatlnacak aksi..

Planets spinning direction

REFLEXIONER:

- "Det finns mycket där ute och jorden är en del av det".

- "Vi är absolut ingenting".

- "Ingen kommer att hitta oss om vi inte söker aktivt de andra!"

- Tänk att kunna få resa mellan de olika universumen!!".

- "Hur stor är Gud? ?? "

- Multî-Universum; hîpotez e. Lê tiştek zanim ku erd/dunya li Unîversum'ê wek teneyê qûma li ber çem e".

- "İzledim. Yaa, gördün mü ne kadar anlamsızmışız Uzay'da. Burnumuzdan kıl aldırmamaya da devam ediyoruz".

- ”Coolt! ?? Vi är bra smaå i universum, svårt att fatta”.

- "Man får svindel !"

- ''I can't believe it this is magical''.

- ''Muhteşem.. (Hiş na gire!)''

- ''Em li jiyanê ne misqalê zerrê jî ne''.

- ''I can't believe it this is magical''.

- "Denna videofilm ger känslan av att det finns så mycket att veta och vi människör är helt körda".

FROM EARTH TO MULTIVERSE - Youtube

Ancient civilization knew farmore about our Solar System

If this theory is correct, the day after contact would look like this. (Pixababy)

The Milky Way galaxy has 200 billion stars and perhaps 100 billion planets. If even a small fraction of those planets harbored life, and even if only a pathetic scattering of those planets had lifeforms which became intelligent, our galaxy would be teeming with alien civilizations, some of whom would be either looking for us or discoverable for at least a little while.

The number of alien civilizations the galaxy should have can be determined by an equation, the Drake equation, that turns the above factors into variables. When you plug them into the formula, you find that there should be at least 20 civilizations in our cosmic neighborhood. This makes the fact that we have yet to find any other life in the cosmos almost shocking when you think about it.

The seeming discord between how many advanced civilizations ought to be in space and the lack of evidence for any is known as the Fermi paradox. It has lead to dozens of hypotheses and potential solutions over the last few decades.

Many of the solutions aim at one of the variables in the Drake equation and try to make the supposed number of civilizations lower so it is more reasonable for us to not have met anybody yet.

Some propose that life starting at all is rare, others suggest that the development of intelligence is the bottleneck, others still posit that most civilizations would live for a short time before blowing themselves up or, conversely, never even manage to invent the radio.

One solution, however, is a bit darker than the others

The Dark Forest solution explains why we haven't heard from aliens by positing that they are purposefully keeping quiet.

The reasoning is laid out best in the science fiction novel The Dark Forest, by Liu Cixin. The plot of the book, the second in a series, concerns questions of how to best interact with potentially hostile alien life.

In the novel, the argument is laid out like this:

• All life desires to stay alive.
• There is no way to know if other lifeforms can or will destroy you if given a chance.
• Lacking assurances, the safest option for any species is to annihilate other life forms before they have a chance to do the same.

Since all other lifeforms in the novel are risk-averse and willing to do anything to save themselves, contact of any kind is dangerous, as it almost assuredly would lead to the contacted race wiping out whoever was foolish enough to give away their location. This leads to all civilizations attempting to hide in radio silence.

The reasoning behind the paranoia is explained in this paragraph from the novel:

The universe is a dark forest. Every civilization is an armed hunter stalking through the trees like a ghost, gently pushing aside branches that block the path and trying to tread without sound. Even breathing is done with care. The hunter has to be careful, because everywhere in the forest are stealthy hunters like him. If he finds another life—another hunter, angel, or a demon, a delicate infant to tottering old man, a fairy or demigod—there's only one thing he can do: open fire and eliminate them.

It's a bit like the prisoner's dilemma really, and the concept is based on applied game theory.

Is there a non-literary approach to this solution? Or is it just an idea that is good for a story?

It was also put forth by scientist David Brin as a potential solution to the lack of radio evidence for alien life. While the variant he describes relies on robotic probes carrying out the task of killing off civilizations other than the one that created it, the core concept remains the same. In this excerpt, he explains why this solution an attractive one for scientific purposes and terrifying for existential reasons:

“It is consistent with all of the facts and philosophical principles described in the first part of this article. There is no need to struggle to suppress the elements of the Drake equation in order to explain the Great Silence, nor need we suggest that no ETIS anywhere would bear the cost of interstellar travel. It need only happen once for the results of this scenario to become the equilibrium condition in the Galaxy. We would not have detected extraterrestrial radio traffic- nor would any ETIS have ever settled on Earth- because all were killed shortly after discovering radio."

He then reminds us that broadcasts of I Love Lucy are racing across the cosmos, ready to reveal our location and sense of humor to anybody who can pick them up.

How plausible is this theory?

This theory has the advantage of only affecting one of the variables in the Drake equation and affecting the one that is the most open to speculation. It also doesn't require us to make broad assumptions about how all alien civilizations behave; a single advanced race that acts this way would be enough to cause the observed situation.

This would also explain why we haven't found any mundane alien radio signals despite a century of being able to pick them up. Just as we accidentally send our radio signals, meant for us, out into space, another civilization would be likely to as well. One possible reason for this is that other civilizations are so fearful of being detected that they purposely avoid sending out any radio evidence of their existence.

It does, however, assume that other species have a similar risk aversion level and reasoning process as we do or that there really is one civilization out there killing off anybody they think can harm them. This is a big assumption.

Why is this theory dark?

We've been screaming our existence to the cosmos for almost one hundred years now. Any aliens within a one hundred light year radius of us would be receiving a barrage of radio signals from our direction. If we had reason to avoid letting aliens know about us, as Stephen Hawking thought we did, we might have a problem.

Why haven't we heard from aliens yet? If this solution is correct, they are purposely hiding in the darkness of space for fear of death. Should we stop broadcasting our existence to the universe too then? Or would alien life be a little nicer than we've been in our history?

___________________________________________


If love is universal, then so is egocentrism

The universe is infinitely large and there are certainly much more intelligent cultures than ours there. The reason why we are not found is simply due to the infinitely large room of the universe. Our galaxy is insignificantly small, very old and also the supermassive black hole in the middle of it is devouring the entire galaxy. When our galaxy was young someone definitely visited it but at that time, our planet earth was not a quiet haunt as it was in its volcanic phase.

According to a Japanese calculation made in 1985, there are only about some ten light-years left until our galaxy's black hole has time to devour the earth. More precisely; our sun is only 25,800 light-years from the supermassive black hole. Who would want to visit a doomed insignificant little galaxy? Also, if some pirates of the universe find us, then they will, in the full sense of the word, enslave and colonize our entire planet. It would be best NOT to SEND our address into space without knowing in WHOS hands it ends up. It's probably very stupid to do that. Mankind may deeply regret this enormous mistake. The best thing would be for humanity to build bases on both the moon and Mars and then build large spaceships capable of traveling interstellarly and colonizing large parts of space in the universe for the survival of mankind. To be able to realize this, a revolutionary ultra-technical know-how in nuclear energy is needed. It will provide humanity with both effective weapons and powerful interstellar spacecraft

String theorist Michio Kaku has said that we should be cautious about contacting aliens because of the threat of extra-terrestrial life conquering us.

Kaku made the comments in light of the development of the James Webb telescope, a massive space telescope that will be the successor to Hubble.

Costing $8.8 billion, the 20-foot-long dish will be able to reach deep into the vastness of space. Monitoring invisible infrared wavelengths, the telescope will be able to gaze 13 billion years backwards in time - due to the speed of light travelling through space - and discover a huge number of galaxies previously invisible to scientists.

Nasa compares Hubble’s capabilities as able to see “toddler galaxies”, while Webb can spot “baby galaxies”.

The construction of the Webb telescope will provide scientists with “thousands of planets to look at, and that’s why I think the chances are quite high that we may make contact with an alien civilisation”, Kaku said in a recent interview with The Guardian.

“There are some colleagues of mine that believe we should reach out to them. I think that’s a terrible idea. We all know what happened to Montezuma when he met Cortés in Mexico so many hundreds of years ago. Now, personally, I think that aliens out there would be friendly but we can’t gamble on it. So I think we will make contact but we should do it very carefully.”

The allusion made here is to the 16th century Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés, who killed the Aztec ruler Moctezuma Xocoyotzin. Moctezuma hosted Cortés and the Spaniards for months, but eventually tensions escalated between the two groups due to the increased presence of the Spanish army.

NASA's James Webb Telescope offers a lush and highly detailed view of the iconic Pillars of Creations. The place where new stars are forming in dense clouds of gas and dust. The pillars are revealed in 3D with a majestic rock looking formation, but in reality are more permeable. The column s of formed from interstellar gases and dust that are cool that appear at times to be semi-transparent in near-infrared light.

FUTURE OF THE UNIVERSUM
To be or not to be !!

The Beginning to the End of the Universe: A cold, lonely death

Our understanding of the cosmos is far from complete. There’s a chance our best educated guesses about
how the universe will end are missing something major — something that will allow life to survive and thrive forever.NASA

THE END

People have always been obsessed with finding out what comes after death, and some have gone as far as calculating the end of the world as we know it. Previously, people thought the world would end on December 12, 2012, according to the Mayan Calendar. However, this time has long passed, and humanity is still here.

Several other predictions turned out as hoaxes, granted they were from unreliable sources. But, as the interest in this topic grows, large institutions are now trying their hand at predicting the end of the world.

Among these institutions is the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It carried out over 400 computer simulations to determine the date of death of all life on Earth. And the results say that in 1,000,002,021 years, the Earth will be completely uninhabitable and swallowed by the Sun. 

In these simulations, scientists tried to find out when solar radiation would destroy the atmosphere of the Earth. Of course, several factors shifted the date in their simulations, but given the consistencies shown by most of the results, they are certain that the Earth will cease to exist around this deadline. 

MILKY WAY

SPITZER SPACE TELESCOPE

JAMES WEBB TELESCOPE

CHARLES DARWIN

FRIDA KAHLO

CHE GUEVARA

VALENTINA TERESHKOVA

CHARLIE CHAPLIN

NELSON MANDELA

PÎSAGOR

JOHN LENNON

GALERÎ

Foundation For Kurdish Library & Museum